Oscar Wilde :: essays research papers

Oscar Wilde Oscar Wilde (real name Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde) was born on October 16th, 1854 in Dublin. His father, William Robert Wilde, was an eminent eye doctor, with an interest in myths and folklore. He was the founder of the first eye and ear hospital in Great Britain, as well as the appointed Surgeon Occultist to the Queen, who knighted him. His mother, Jane Francesca Elgee Wilde, was a poet who wrote patriotic Irish verse under the pen name Speranza, and had a considerable following. As a youngster, Wilde was exposed to the brilliant literary talk of the day at his mother's Dublin salon. In 1864 Wilde entered the Portora Royal School at Enniskillen, and in 1871 entered Trinity College in Dublin. In 1874 he left Ireland and went to England to attend Magdalen College at Oxford. As a student there, he excelled in classics, wrote poetry, and incorporated the Bohemian life style of his youth into a unique way of life. He came under the influence of aesthetic innovators such as English writers Walter Pater and John Ruskin. He found the aesthetic movement's notions of "art for art's sake" and dedicating one's life to art suitable to his temperament and talents. As an aesthete, Wilde wore long hair and velvet knee breeches, and became known for his eccentricity as well as his academic ability. His rooms were filled with various objets d'art such as sunflowers, peacock feathers, and blue china. Wilde frequently confided that his greatest challenge at University was learning to live up to the perfection of the china. Wilde won numerous academic prizes while studying there, including the Newdigate Prize, a coveted poetry award, for his poem Ravenna. In 1879 Wilde moved to London to make himself famous. He set about establishing himself as the leader and model of the aesthetic movement. Besides his hair and breeches, he added loose-fitting wide-collared silk shirts with flowing ties and lavender colored gloves. He frequently carried a jewel-topped cane and was caricatured in the press flamboyantly attired and holding an over- sized sunflower, an icon of the movement. Wilde quickly became well known despite having any substantial achievements to build on. His natural wit and good humor endeared him to the art and theater world, and through his lover Frank Miles, he found it easy to become part of the cliques that frequented London's theater circuit and drawing rooms. He became a much desired party guest, and eventually his popularity led to his being chosen as an advance publicity man for a new Gilbert and Sullivan operetta, Patience, that spoofed

Employee Representation Essay

The rise of capitalism in industrialized societies ad increase in case of exploitation of employees led to the rise of trade unions.   The trade unions were formed for the purpose of representing employees through preventing exploitation by their employers.   The increased cases of exploitation in terms of wage and other issues that affected employees in organisation, industries and companies led to the formation of trade unions.    The trade unions aim was to improve employees pay and other employment conditions through representing the employees in a collectively bargaining.   The formation of trade unions was initially objected by employers who felt they had a right to exploit the poor since they owned factors of production.  Ã‚   In today’s society most employers who understand the role of trade union appreciate the efforts made by trade unions.  Ã‚   A group of employees may join together to form a trade union and they may seek recognition from their employer (Blyton and Turnbull, 61). Collective bargaining involves the process by which the employer and trade unions discuss and agree on the employment terms and conditions.   The collective bargaining does not normally establish legal relations between the employee and employer. However, the agreement areas which relate to terms and conditions of employment become basis of employment contract.   The employer and employee can then agree on the employment terms as agreed between the employee and trade unions although it’s subject to any changes made between the employee and the employer.   Collective bargaining takes place in firms of all sides.   Good employer-employee relationships contribute to a healthy employer-trade union relationship. The effectiveness if trade unions can only be measured through the outcomes of intervention in employer-employee relationship.   Some trade unions have been known to be dormant and reap money out of employees yet no change is noticed in employees conditions under which they work.   Few trade unions have colluded with employers and oppressed employees after which the employers have supported to the collapse of the trade unions due to breach of contract. A trade union is an independent   body which been formed by individuals who volunteer to form an association whose main goal is to represent and protect the employment, service-related, professional, economic and social rights and interests of the employees.   Employees regards to anyone employed despite the nature of work. The trade unions achieve their set goals though dialogue with employees, association of employees, local government and the government in which trade union exist.   The dialogue is based on consultancy and collective bargaining on issues that are of interest to employees.   All employees are at liberty to join or not to join any â€Å"trade union except members of National Defence Force, National Intelligence Agency and South African secret service (Edwards, 36). Extent to which employee representation through trade unions is effective depends on the nature of employment and size of business or organisation in which the employee is working in.   In small organisations the trade unions have a small scope of employee representation because most dialogue is done directly between the employer and employee.   In such small firms, the trade union efficiency in employee representation can be derived from their ability to negotiate for good pays and payment systems, hours of work, holiday, sick pay and pensions. Trade unions are regulated by labour Relations act. The labour Relations Act applies to all employers, workers, trade unions and employers’ organisations.   However the act does not apply to member of National Defence Force, National Intelligence Agency or South African Secret Service. Trade unions in large firms and organisations enhance the relationship between the employer and employee.   This is because the employees have their chosen representatives who present employee grievances to the trade union.   In large firms and organisations all aspects that concern the employment contract are made known to the trade union for the trade union to be effective. Employees who represent collective needs of employees to employer may face hostility from employers.   In most cases, the employees who stand out to fight for the collective rights of employees have lost their jobs and this has created sense of insecurity among employee leaders. This usually happens when the imposed changes are objected by the employer.   This problem has made employee representation through sponsored trade unions to be effective because trade unions are independent association of volunteers.   Sponsored trade unions, due to absence of fear of the repercussions are able to negotiate with employers, association of employers effectively so the employees’ interests are addressed (William and Adam Smith, 88). Employee representation through sponsored trade unions has been especially effective while dealing with collective issues that concern all employees in a given state.   The trade unions are mostly made up of radical individuals who are patriotic and committed to the overall objective of addressing employees’ interests which involve minimum wage of civil servants depending on the standard of living and economic growth or the country. Trade unions have been effective in addressing issues that concern mode of payment for employees to avoid such cases like delayed salaries and wages.   This has led to improved social welfare of the employees.   Trade unions have been known to intervene in cases where organisations and firms have failed to pay their employees in time.    Also, trade unions have intervened in cases where the employees are exploited through low wages.   The employees demand increment of salaries through trade unions.   The trade unions then hold meetings with the employer or association of employers to agree on the fair salary.   The intervention by trade unions had led to great improvement in the labour market and this can be seen through reduced strikes in most countries. In the past, there were few laws that governed issues elated to sick leaves, maternity leaves and general leaves.   The trade unions have been known to contribute greatly to the occupational law through identification of areas where unfair dismissal is applied. Most employees have suffered unfair dismissal from temporary contacts or permanent contract due to inevitable cases like when absenteeism occurs due to sickness and/or maternity leaves.   In small firms, employees have been known to suffer the ill-treatment silently but the presence of trade unions has shown a lot of improvement in the labour industry.   The trade union representative in such a case is allowed by the labour Relations Act to help and present workers in governance and disciplinary hearing when the employees agree (Blyton and Turnbull, 565). Increase in payment demands by employment has in most cases led to termination of employment of the pioneers of the idea.   This has fear among employees who want to maintain their employment.   However, the productivity of laborers decline because of the dissatisfaction with their salaries.   Trade unions therefore hold discussions with employers and they monitor the employer’s compliance with the labour relations Act which involves any law regulating terms and conditions of employment and whether they have honored any agreement that had been made between employer and employee. Employees cannot be able to monitor employer compliance with law due to fear of losing the employment hence employee representation through sponsored trade union ensure adherence by employer to any agreement that is passed concerning employee’s interest.   Effectiveness is achieved by ensuring employers comply and by reporting any failure by the employer to comply with the law or any made agreement to association of employers or any responsible authority or agency.   Employers are likely to act fast on the agreement when they are under the pressure of trade unions other than when employees are pushing. Employees have a tendency to act on the agreement made between employer and employees because employer acknowledge that trade unions are independent association that are protected and empowered by labour relations act. In countries where racism have been know to have great effect on employment environment especially issues regarding promotion and unfair treatment, trade unions have been known to intervene to ensure fair treat of all individual/employees in countries like US where racist is said to exist in most organisations, employees forward their grievances to trade unions because if they complain or demand justice, the employer may deny them their right or may terminate their contracts or employment. Employees therefore though the trade unions present their grievances to civil command and their discrimination issue is addressed. Employee representation through sponsored trade unions ensures that employers conform to anti-discrimination law; employees with different races, religion age and marital status are treated equally due to follow-up by trade union representative. There have been incidences where the working conditions pose a health hazard to the employees yet the remuneration given cannot cover the extent of risks the employees are exposed.   When individual employees complain of their dissatisfaction with the salary based on the risks the employees are exposed to, the employees may be terminated or may be pressurized to quit the job by the employer on the argument that there is plenty supply of labour.   The trade unions therefore intervene so that the employees are paid in accordance to the risks they are exposed to. Excess supply of labour had led to many employers’ taking advantage of the situation by paying the employees less wage as compared to the amount of work that they do.   Some employees may not even complain of their exploitation by the employer because they fear loosing their long awaited job.   In capitalistic societies, where the few are the owners of factors of production, there is high exploitation of the poor people who supply labour to the industries. The merchant in capitalistic societies pay constant wage which does not account for all the labour hours.   The poor work for more hours.   Trade unions in such situation have been known to be agents of social changes which may be radical.   The trade unions have contributed to the seizure of the habit by ensuring that employees are paid their worth irrespective of their positions.   Trade unions are accredited for presenting the grievances of the poor (Beardwell, 225). In organisation/firms where the employees are many, it becomes very hard to address the individual needs.   Trade unions therefore collect the individual needs and try to apply them to the whole group.   This is especially the case with civil servants who work in various regions of the state in different departments and therefore have different need. The trade unions address those needs by holding discussions with government officials and they may challenge the states labour law if they are to the disadvantage of employees.   The trade union in most countries have been known to cause remarkable changes in labour laws for example, setting the minimum wage that should be earned by any employee depending on the nature of job and category of job. Trade unions are effective more than individual employees especially in presenting individual rights since trade unions enjoy some favour from the industrial relations Bill in 2003.   The trade unions are able to negotiate for the members interests as association of employers. Trade unions contribute to the formation of government policies concerning resource allocations and other matters that concern employees.   Some trade union representatives are incorporated in the government policy making through writing proposals which the government use as guide in making the policies. The proposals consider the government resources and the human resource (employees) needs and make suggestions on how the government can integrate both parties’ demands given the scarce resources.   Though, even with the support from government through industrial relations Bill 2003, trade unions are faced with challenge of many cases taking long term to be completed.   There have been many pending cases in courts as noted in the Irish government (Beardwell, 225). Trade unions have been delegated many duties that concern employee interests.   However, trade union cannot represent the employees in full capacity to their employers.   This has led to formation of non-union groups in the industries, organisations or firms. These non-union groups are mainly composed of employees who seek to represent the grievances to the employers with an aim of consensus through dialogue.   The formation of non-union groups has been triggered by the disillusionments that have been incurred by many trade unions in Irish government.   The disillusionment is highly attributed by the long period of time that many industrial cases take in labour court.   In fact, the data from Irish government indicate that few races which may be less than ten cases have actually reached the determination stage (William and Adam Smith, 89). Most companies argue that there is scarcity of human resource in their firm and hence thus most times the labour is misused through denial of holiday leave some employees develop health complications due to overworking or work pressure.   Some employees when they report the need to be given lighter job are threatened or are denied the right because of their race, ethnicity or religion.   The employees can then sue the concerned organisation through the sponsored trade union for violation of occupational safety and health act.   This has brought positive results because employees have complied with the occupational safety and health act due to the power that trade union are accorded by the industrial relation Act. Most trade unions have been know to contribute greatly in the health and safety training of employees and employers and have had positive impact on the effectiveness f trade union.   In cases where the trade unions gain favour from employer or association of employers, through recognition, the trade union plans and strategies to address the issues that concern employees become very effective (Blyton,66). Most employers are reluctant to change the working conditions of their employees because they incur extra cost on the firm or organisation.   The employers in such cases do not pay attention to employee suggestions or grievances but intervention of trade unions enhance the situation because most employees are aware of the privileges that have been accorded trade unions by the industrial relations Act, 2003 (Edwards, 35). When an employer wants to introduce a new technology that is likely to affect the employees, the employees object the introduction through trade unions.   Most employers innovate ways in which to reduce operational costs without putting employees needs into consideration.   In most cases, the adoption of the technology requires lay off of some employees and this would have an effect on the employees’ welfare. The trade union takes up the matter and negotiates with the employer on the impact of the introduction on the economy.   Most employers have been known to balance their interests with the employees due to the effective presentation by trade unions. Strikes are common in many nations.   Strikes usually occur when the employees fail to act as per their agreement or sometimes strikes are done to demonstrate dissatisfaction with the employers’ services or treatment. Most employers have been noted to act very aggressively.   Some employees according ton various studies done in UK have been seen to fire few employees instead and this brought a lot of criticism from employees and public.   Trade unions become very crucial in such cases because they present the employees in court and sue for damages caused by the unfair dismissal of the employees.   In most cases, when the cases in court are taken up by trade unions, they are acted upon very fast other than individual employees because of the recognition of trade unions. Employees are meant to relate with their employers well.   The relationship between employer and employee should portray transparency and commitment by both parties towards the contract that they have entered into.   Good employee-employer relationship enhances the achievement of the organisations or firm’s goal.   When there is dialogue between employer and employee, the need for trade unions becomes insignificant. However, very few employers honour the terms and conditions of the contract according to occupational safety and health and yet they expect the employees to comply with the terms and conditions of the employment.   The conflict of interest between the two parties necessitates the need for an independent association trade union.   Other wise, compliance by both parties would produce positive results and would save time and cost on the firm or organisation incurred in legal proceedings. Most employees in UK have joined trade unions as shown by the government data.   The employees have joined the trade unions because of their recognition for the need of an arbitrator between then and the employees.   The employees can only be presented if they are members of trade union.   The membership is voluntary for all except members of defense. When most employees retire, there is tendency by the employers to fail to pay pensions.   Trade unions have noted to be effective in claiming the employees’ rights especially pension funds.   Most domestic jobs however do not have pension schemes for example the house keeping, shopkeeper attendant. This has limited the performance of trade unions because however much they want to assist the employees, the nature of job cannot favour the intervention of trade unions. Some employees have been known to abuse the trade unions power by failing to report of their absence from job and this limited the effectiveness of trade unions in presenting the employees.   Negligence by employees through for example, deliberately destroying a company’s wealth or resources like lighting a cigarette in a petrol station by an employee, cannot be protected.   The employers sometimes use the trade unions as puppet to push for their needs and interests.   This has led to ineffectiveness of many trade unions which have been disregarded by employers (Blyton, 33). The trade unions can liaise with the labour departments in many states.   The relationship between trade unions and labour departments has produced good fruits in many countries because it has increased recognition and the effectiveness of the unions.   The trade unions are known to gain favour from most governments hence the grievances of employees are addressed fast when they are represented through a trade union. The employee presentation through sponsored trade union can only be effective up to the point where the court ruling has been done.   Beyond court ruling the employee presentation through trade union then becomes insignificant.   The employees have to adhere to the court ruling whether it favours the employer or employee.   Most employees have face disillusionment after the trade unions efforts are undermined by the industrial court (Edwards, 21). Higher presentation of employees in the trade unions has contributed to higher returns or positive results.   This has been the inspiration by many employees to join trade unions.   The industrial Relation Act in Irish government which was amended in 2003 has been seen to favour trade unions.   However, the trade unions have realized their ineffectiveness due to the legislative system where many cases remain in court for so long.   The trade unions in Irish government were accorded right to bargain though labour courts and labour Relations Commission were given greater powers to resolve recognition and representation disputes (Beardwell, 213). Many countries are known to have similar legislative systems which give industrial Courts right to deal with employees’ disputes.   In countries, industrial courts recognize trade unions more than individual employees.   This had led to many employees been pressurized by the system to join trade union so that the disputes that have in industrial courts may be dealt with fast especially with intervention of trade unions. When trade unions are pushing for the employees’ interests, the employees feel at liberty to express them because they will not suffer victimization as would be the case if they pursued the interests or grievances as individual employees.   The labour relations commissions however, has reported cases of disillusionment the failure of the parties in disputes to meet timescale and deadlines in many instance.   The labour relations commission data in Irish government indicate that the failures are in most cases caused by employers but trade unions are not exempted too. In Europe, most employees even those working in small firms have enrolled into trade unions and this enhanced the services delivered to them.   However, the effort of trade unions has been undermined by the size and nature of employment. Trade unions are supposed to be independent in their practices that are directed into addressing the employees’ needs.   However, it’s easier said than done.   Some trade union representatives in their leadership positions seek to gain favour from the government.   This has led to few trade unions compromising their mission and objectives and this has proved ineffectiveness of the trade unions as employee representative.   In pursuit of favour from government officials or government itself, some union leaders have accepted tribes and this caused serious repercussions for the employee’s grievances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Work Cited Beardwell Ian. ‘A Critical Analysis.’ Contemporary Industrial Relations vol.1 (1996): 212-311. Blyton I & Turnbull P. The Dynamics of Employee Relations.3rd ed. London:   Palgrave, 2004. Edwards P. Industrial Relations Theory and Practice in Britain.2nd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2003. Williams S and Adam Smith D.   Contemporary Employment Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

An Unwilling Hamlet Essay - 2630 Words

In the play, Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the main character, Hamlet is an unwilling creature. In having to enter and act in the world of his uncle, Hamlet becomes an unwilling creature of that world. When he chooses to obey the ghosts command and revenge his father, Hamlet accepts the inevitability that he must become part of this world. As the ripple of original vengeful intent widens and Hamlet is slowly but surely entangled in Claudius brutal world through his madness, his murders, his plots, his relationship with other characters and his revelations on life and more importantly, death. Even before the ghost urges Hamlet to avenge his death, Hamlet teeters on the edge of his uncles brutal world. While†¦show more content†¦Hamlets acceptance of the task of revenge, even if somewhat reluctant, is the key to entering Claudius world. Revenge in any context is morally wrong. Hamlet himself realises this and is aware that the deeds he is charged to commit can never bring about good, yet he knows he must complete them. O, cursed spite, That ever I was born to set it right. (Act2, Scene1) Hamlets intent to revenge his fathers murder dooms him from the start because of his wish to catch Claudius where bystanders may also be witness to his guilt, therefore turning Hamlet from an assassin to an executioner. Although Hamlet does get his wish the price he pays is far too dear, perhaps however the death of those eight people was the only solution to correct the times that were out of joint. Some may say that the end justifies the means but Hamlet does beco me an unwilling creature of Claudius world because as the original seed of revenge took root Hamlet could do nothing but let it grow. Hamlets plots to catch Claudius centre on his will to find out whether or not the apparition he witnessed was telling the truth. In Shakespeares time a ghost was often regarded as a misleading spirit so in this way Hamlets procrastination coupled with his conscience makes it understandable that he does not act quickly. The Mousetrap, the metatheatre used within the play is Hamlets most cunning scheme.Show MoreRelated Laertes in the Play and Movie Version of Hamlet Essay886 Words   |  4 Pages Laertes in the Play and Movie Version of Hamletnbsp;nbsp; In the 1990 version of Hamlet starring Mel Gibson, Laertes is portrayed in a very poor light. He seems to have no redeeming qualities whatsoever. At certain points during the written play, Laertess actions may be taken entirely differently than they are conveyed in the movie. In the film version of Hamlet, all of Laertess negative aspects are much more pronounced. As presented in the movie, Laertes is a sore loser. The text versionRead MoreHamlet’s â€Å"To be, or not to be† soliloquy is the most famous of all the soliloquies in the play800 Words   |  4 Pagesmost famous of all the soliloquies in the play because it is a turning point for Hamlet in the play. Suddenly the audience recognizes that Hamlet’s sanity is rapidly unraveling. The subject of this soliloquy is about suicide and essentially, Hamlet’s choice between life and death. Hamlet has gotten to point in the play where he can barely see a point to living anymore, an all time low for the once heroic character. Hamlet weighs the benefits to continuing life (â€Å"to be†), and those of ending his lifeRead MoreEssay On Mental Illness In Hamlet765 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play, Hamlet, Prince Hamlet endures the tragic loss of his father, the King of Denmark,   and the ultimate betrayal of his uncle, Claudius, who is throned king following his f ather’s death and marriage to Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude. Hamlet begins to show signs of depression and emotional instability from the beginning. As the play progresses, Hamlet becomes more and more mentally unstable until he begins to border insanity. Hamlet’s mental health is a recurring theme in the play and there areRead More Was Hamlet Insane Essay919 Words   |  4 Pages Was Hamlet insane? Scholars have debated this question ever since Shakespeare presented this play to the public. Although I am not a scholar, I believe that there is enough evidence in the play to suggest Hamlet had been sane. He may have been depressed and angry however this was due to the treachery and betrayal contaminating Denmark. The insanity act had been an instrument to allow Hamlet the freedom to achieve his goal of revenge. When the audience first meets Hamlet, he is dressed in blackRead MoreHamlet and Horatio Best Friends for Life: an Analysis of Hamlet941 Words   |  4 Pages Hamlet and Horatio Best Friends for Life: an Analysis of Hamlet In Hamlet, two characters I believe to be important are Hamlet and his friend, Horatio. Horatio is the second most important character in the play. Horatio is Hamlet’s best friend and advisor. Horatio never keeps anything from Hamlet. In Act one, scene one; Horatio, Bernardo, and Marcellus see the ghost of king Hamlet who was killed by his brother, Claudius. AfterRead MoreAnalysis Of Hamlets Third Soliloquy788 Words   |  4 PagesII, scene II. Throughout Act II, Hamlet acts insane whenever he is accompanied by others. Hamlet finds himself alone in his room after Hamlet orders Polonius to escort the players to their rooms. After his soliloquy, Gertrude and Clauidus discuss Hamlets behavior, still unsure of what has caused his madness. This soliloquy shows Hamlet’s troubled and conflicted mind as he debates his future actions to seek his revenge. Hamlet’s fear blinds him, making him unwilling to follow the ghost’s commands.Read MoreShakespeares Hamlet: The Tragedy of Revenge1165 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeares Hamlet: The tragedy of revenge The time is out of joint: O cursed spite, / That ever I was born to set it right! (I.5). Shakespeares Hamlet is an unwilling avenger. Despite his hatred of his uncle Claudius and his sense of the injustice perpetuated upon his fathers memory, Hamlet seems unable to obey the will of his fathers ghost. Ultimately, this is not shown to be a sign of weakness or cowardice upon Hamlets part. Rather, the intellectual protagonist understands all too wellRead MoreAn Analysis of How Fear of the Unknown Affects Characters in Hamlet1357 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of How Fear of the Unknown Affects Characters in Hamlet Hamlets famous To be or not to be soliloquy in Act 3, Scene 1 provides the context for several of the characters actions. It is a soliloquy about fearing the unknown that lies waiting on the other side of the grave (are we punished and/or rewarded according to our actions on earth?) and as Hamlet reasons, Conscience does make cowards of us all (3.1.2). In other words, Hamlet feels that he is unable to act because of the hauntingRead More Hamlet Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pages Perhaps the most famous soliloquy in literature, these words reflect the state of desperation in which Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, finds himself as he contemplates suicide. His father, the King, has died. His mother, the Queen, has remarried within a month of the Kings passing, an act which has disturbed young Hamlet in and of it. To make it worse, she has married the Kings brother, Hamlets uncle, who is now the King of Denmark. As Hamlets despair deepens, he learns through the appearanceRead More Reality, Illusion, Appearance, and Deception in Shakespeares Hamlet1279 Words   |  6 PagesReality, Illusion, Appearance, and Deception in Shakespeares Hamlet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As appearances play an important role in todays society, so they also play an important role in William Shakespeares play Hamlet. From the first scene to the last, Shakespeare elaborates on the theme of appearance versus reality through plot and character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The plays plot is full of incidents and events that are not what they appear to be. One such incident is Ophelias ambiguous death. When,